Secure custom ORMs by enforcing parameterized queries, strict field whitelists, and centralized escaping; never concatenate user input into SQL fragments.

Automated patch management reduces exposure on mission-critical servers by scheduling updates, validating baselines, and enforcing rollback controls without disrupting production workloads.

Envelope encryption protects cloud database records by encrypting data with per-object keys, then securing those keys under a managed master key.

Implement rate limiting at the API gateway to cap requests by IP, user, or token, slowing brute force attacks while preserving availability for legitimate clients.

Penetration testing of new backend architectures validates exposed APIs, auth flows, network segmentation, and logging before production traffic turns weaknesses into incidents.